Ultimate Guide: 10 Powerful Insights on Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes

Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes Topics in the Chapter:

1. Introduction
2. Systems for Control and Coordination in Animals
3. Nervous System
   • Receptors
4. Neuron
   • Functioning of Neuron
   • Parts of Neuron
   • Synapse
5. Reflex Action
   • Types of Responses
   • Need for Reflex Action
6. Human Nervous System
7. Human Brain
   • Fore-Brain
   • Mid-Brain
   • Hind-Brain
   • Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord
   • Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue
   • Limitation of Electric Communication/Nervous System
   • Chemical Combination
8. Coordination in Plants
   • Independent of Growth
   • Dependent on Growth
9. Plant Hormones
10. Hormones in Animals
    • Endocrine Glands and Their Functions
11. Importance of Iodine
12. Diabetes
    • Cause of Diabetes
    • Treatment of Diabetes
    • Feedback Mechanism

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Introduction

• All living organisms respond and react to changes in their environment.
• These changes, known as stimuli, include light, heat, cold, sound, smell, and touch.
• Both plants and animals respond to stimuli but in different ways. Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes

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Systems for Control and Coordination in Animals

• Control and coordination in animals are managed by two main systems: Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes
  1. Nervous System
  2. Endocrine System

Nervous System

• Control and coordination are provided by nervous and muscular tissues.
• Nervous tissue comprises an organized network of nerve cells or neurons, which conduct information via electrical impulses.

Receptors

• Receptors are specialized tips of some nerve cells that detect information from the environment. Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes
• These are located in sense organs:
  • Ear: Phonoreceptors (sound), balance.
  • Eyes: Photoreceptors (light), vision.
  • Skin: Thermoreceptors (temperature), touch.
  • Nose: Olfactory receptors (smell).
  • Tongue: Gustatory receptors (taste).

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Neuron

• The structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

Functioning of Neuron

• Receptors acquire information as chemical reactions that create electrical impulses.
• Impulses travel from the dendrite to the cell body and then to the axon end.
• Chemicals released at the axon end cross the synapse to start similar impulses in the next neuron. Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes

Parts of Neuron

1. Dendrite: Acquires information.
2. Cell Body: Transmits impulses.
3. Axon: Transmits impulses from the cell body to the next neuron.

Synapse

• A gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
• Converts electrical signals to chemical signals for transmission. Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes

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Reflex Action

• Reflex action is a quick, immediate response to a stimulus (e.g., knee jerk, withdrawal from hot objects).
• Reflex arc: Pathway through which nerve impulses pass during reflex action. Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes
• Types of Responses:
  1. Voluntary: Controlled by the forebrain (e.g., talking, writing).
  2. Involuntary: Controlled by the mid and hind brain (e.g., heartbeat, respiration).
  3. Reflex Action: Controlled by the spinal cord (e.g., withdrawal from heat).

Need for Reflex Actions

• Reflex actions provide quick responses to avoid harm, often involving the spinal cord instead of the brain to save time. Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes

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Human Nervous System

• Consists of:
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial and spinal nerves.

Human Brain

• Main coordinating center with three major parts: Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes
  1. Fore-brain
  2. Mid-brain
  3. Hind-brain

Fore-brain

• The most complex part, consisting of the cerebrum.
• Functions: Thinking, voluntary actions, memory, sensory integration, hunger.

Mid-brain Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes

• Controls involuntary actions like pupil size and reflex movements.

Hind-brain

• Composed of:
  1. Cerebellum: Posture, balance, precision in voluntary actions.
  2. Medulla: Involuntary actions (e.g., blood pressure, vomiting).
  3. Pons: Regulation of respiration.

Protection of Brain and Spinal Cord

• Brain: Protected by a fluid-filled balloon (shock absorber) within the cranium.
• Spinal Cord: Enclosed in the vertebral column.

Coordination between Nervous and Muscular Tissue

• Voluntary actions require brain signals to muscles.
• CNS and PNS facilitate communication throughout the body.

Limitations of Electric Communication/Nervous System

1. Limited to cells connected by nervous tissue.
2. Cells need time to reset before transmitting another impulse.
3. Plants lack a nervous system.

Chemical Communication

• Overcomes limitations of electric communication through hormones.

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Coordination in Plants

• Types of Movements:
  1. Independent of Growth: Immediate responses (e.g., touch-me-not plant).
  2. Dependent on Growth: Directional movements (tropism) like phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism, and hydrotropism.

Plant Hormones

• Chemical compounds coordinating growth and responses.
• Main hormones:
  1. Auxin: Growth towards light.
  2. Gibberellin: Stem growth.
  3. Cytokinins: Cell division.
  4. Abscisic Acid: Growth inhibition, stress response.

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Hormones in Animals

• Endocrine Glands: Secrete hormones into the blood.
• Key hormones and functions:
  1. Thyroxine (Thyroid): Metabolism regulation.
  2. Growth Hormone (Pituitary): Growth and development.
  3. Adrenaline (Adrenal): Emergency responses.
  4. Insulin (Pancreas): Blood sugar regulation.
  5. Sex Hormones: Puberty changes (testosterone, estrogen).

Importance of Iodine

• Essential for thyroxine production (metabolism regulation).
• Deficiency causes goiter (swollen neck).

Diabetes

• Cause: Insulin deficiency.
• Treatment: Insulin injections.

Feedback Mechanism

• Ensures precise hormone secretion to avoid harmful effects.
• Example: Blood sugar regulation by insulin.